{
  "as_of": "2026-10-25",
  "context": {
    "archive": "Affiliate/enterprise counts form a separate complete dataset. UK observations are also shown in a clearly labelled historical table, not a current chart. Other older source histories remain separate from current evidence.",
    "interpretation": "Company decisions and investment are separate measures. Neither is a census of businesses or offices.",
    "investment": "U.S. outward direct investment only, on a historical-cost basis and by immediate host. Includes equity and net intercompany debt, not just new projects. Position changes are not investment flows.",
    "survey_comparison": "Different member populations and questions: these are not matched U.S.-European estimates. Germany is not an EU-wide sample."
  },
  "observations": [
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2000, cell B78; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2000",
      "raw_sha256": "d5eb15f58cb83003a13dce4d7d958069a7c27b2bae1aa3c8393ff0f961638ab8",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:37+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:CHN",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 11140000000,
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2000, cell B79; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2000",
      "raw_sha256": "d5eb15f58cb83003a13dce4d7d958069a7c27b2bae1aa3c8393ff0f961638ab8",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:37+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:HKG",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 27447000000,
      "year": 2000
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2001, cell B78; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2001",
      "raw_sha256": "d5eb15f58cb83003a13dce4d7d958069a7c27b2bae1aa3c8393ff0f961638ab8",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:37+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:CHN",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 12081000000,
      "year": 2001
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2001, cell B79; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2001",
      "raw_sha256": "d5eb15f58cb83003a13dce4d7d958069a7c27b2bae1aa3c8393ff0f961638ab8",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:37+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:HKG",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 32494000000,
      "year": 2001
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2002, cell B78; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2002",
      "raw_sha256": "d5eb15f58cb83003a13dce4d7d958069a7c27b2bae1aa3c8393ff0f961638ab8",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:37+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:CHN",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 10570000000,
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2002, cell B79; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2002",
      "raw_sha256": "d5eb15f58cb83003a13dce4d7d958069a7c27b2bae1aa3c8393ff0f961638ab8",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:37+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:HKG",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 40329000000,
      "year": 2002
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2003, cell B77; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2003",
      "raw_sha256": "d5eb15f58cb83003a13dce4d7d958069a7c27b2bae1aa3c8393ff0f961638ab8",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:37+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:CHN",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 11261000000,
      "year": 2003
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2003, cell B78; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2003",
      "raw_sha256": "d5eb15f58cb83003a13dce4d7d958069a7c27b2bae1aa3c8393ff0f961638ab8",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:37+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:HKG",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 36426000000,
      "year": 2003
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2004, cell B77; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2004",
      "raw_sha256": "d5eb15f58cb83003a13dce4d7d958069a7c27b2bae1aa3c8393ff0f961638ab8",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:37+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:CHN",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 17616000000,
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2004, cell B78; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2004",
      "raw_sha256": "d5eb15f58cb83003a13dce4d7d958069a7c27b2bae1aa3c8393ff0f961638ab8",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:37+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:HKG",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 32735000000,
      "year": 2004
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2005, cell B77; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2005",
      "raw_sha256": "d5eb15f58cb83003a13dce4d7d958069a7c27b2bae1aa3c8393ff0f961638ab8",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:37+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:CHN",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 19016000000,
      "year": 2005
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2005, cell B78; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2005",
      "raw_sha256": "d5eb15f58cb83003a13dce4d7d958069a7c27b2bae1aa3c8393ff0f961638ab8",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:37+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:HKG",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 36415000000,
      "year": 2005
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2006, cell B77; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2006",
      "raw_sha256": "d5eb15f58cb83003a13dce4d7d958069a7c27b2bae1aa3c8393ff0f961638ab8",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:37+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:CHN",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 26459000000,
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2006, cell B78; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2006",
      "raw_sha256": "d5eb15f58cb83003a13dce4d7d958069a7c27b2bae1aa3c8393ff0f961638ab8",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:37+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:HKG",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 39636000000,
      "year": 2006
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2007, cell B77; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2007",
      "raw_sha256": "d5eb15f58cb83003a13dce4d7d958069a7c27b2bae1aa3c8393ff0f961638ab8",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:37+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:CHN",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 29710000000,
      "year": 2007
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2007, cell B78; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2007",
      "raw_sha256": "d5eb15f58cb83003a13dce4d7d958069a7c27b2bae1aa3c8393ff0f961638ab8",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:37+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:HKG",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 40720000000,
      "year": 2007
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2008, cell B77; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2008",
      "raw_sha256": "d5eb15f58cb83003a13dce4d7d958069a7c27b2bae1aa3c8393ff0f961638ab8",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:37+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:CHN",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 53927000000,
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2008, cell B78; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2008",
      "raw_sha256": "d5eb15f58cb83003a13dce4d7d958069a7c27b2bae1aa3c8393ff0f961638ab8",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:37+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:HKG",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 40042000000,
      "year": 2008
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2009, cell B77; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2009",
      "raw_sha256": "d5eb15f58cb83003a13dce4d7d958069a7c27b2bae1aa3c8393ff0f961638ab8",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:37+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:CHN",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 54069000000,
      "year": 2009
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2009, cell B78; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2009",
      "raw_sha256": "d5eb15f58cb83003a13dce4d7d958069a7c27b2bae1aa3c8393ff0f961638ab8",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:37+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:HKG",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 50720000000,
      "year": 2009
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2010, cell B77; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2010",
      "raw_sha256": "7ceb5842362c2d3eee6fdfae04bc1cf87090d4f1f3ecb7dd40b3bee54d4c53ca",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:39+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:CHN",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 58996000000,
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2010, cell B78; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2010",
      "raw_sha256": "7ceb5842362c2d3eee6fdfae04bc1cf87090d4f1f3ecb7dd40b3bee54d4c53ca",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:39+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:HKG",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 41264000000,
      "year": 2010
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2011, cell B77; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2011",
      "raw_sha256": "7ceb5842362c2d3eee6fdfae04bc1cf87090d4f1f3ecb7dd40b3bee54d4c53ca",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:39+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:CHN",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 53661000000,
      "year": 2011
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2011, cell B78; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2011",
      "raw_sha256": "7ceb5842362c2d3eee6fdfae04bc1cf87090d4f1f3ecb7dd40b3bee54d4c53ca",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:39+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:HKG",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 46713000000,
      "year": 2011
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2012, cell B77; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2012",
      "raw_sha256": "7ceb5842362c2d3eee6fdfae04bc1cf87090d4f1f3ecb7dd40b3bee54d4c53ca",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:39+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:CHN",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 54514000000,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2012, cell B78; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2012",
      "raw_sha256": "7ceb5842362c2d3eee6fdfae04bc1cf87090d4f1f3ecb7dd40b3bee54d4c53ca",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:39+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:HKG",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 56086000000,
      "year": 2012
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2013, cell B77; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2013",
      "raw_sha256": "7ceb5842362c2d3eee6fdfae04bc1cf87090d4f1f3ecb7dd40b3bee54d4c53ca",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:39+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:CHN",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 60454000000,
      "year": 2013
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2013, cell B78; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2013",
      "raw_sha256": "7ceb5842362c2d3eee6fdfae04bc1cf87090d4f1f3ecb7dd40b3bee54d4c53ca",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:39+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:HKG",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 56785000000,
      "year": 2013
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2014, cell B77; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2014",
      "raw_sha256": "7ceb5842362c2d3eee6fdfae04bc1cf87090d4f1f3ecb7dd40b3bee54d4c53ca",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:39+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:CHN",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 82244000000,
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2014, cell B78; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2014",
      "raw_sha256": "7ceb5842362c2d3eee6fdfae04bc1cf87090d4f1f3ecb7dd40b3bee54d4c53ca",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:39+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:HKG",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 64741000000,
      "year": 2014
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2015, cell B77; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2015",
      "raw_sha256": "7ceb5842362c2d3eee6fdfae04bc1cf87090d4f1f3ecb7dd40b3bee54d4c53ca",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:39+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:CHN",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 92150000000,
      "year": 2015
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2015, cell B78; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2015",
      "raw_sha256": "7ceb5842362c2d3eee6fdfae04bc1cf87090d4f1f3ecb7dd40b3bee54d4c53ca",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:39+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:HKG",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 69367000000,
      "year": 2015
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2016, cell B77; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2016",
      "raw_sha256": "7ceb5842362c2d3eee6fdfae04bc1cf87090d4f1f3ecb7dd40b3bee54d4c53ca",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:39+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:CHN",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 97458000000,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2016, cell B78; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2016",
      "raw_sha256": "7ceb5842362c2d3eee6fdfae04bc1cf87090d4f1f3ecb7dd40b3bee54d4c53ca",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:39+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:HKG",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 69287000000,
      "year": 2016
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2017, cell B77; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2017",
      "raw_sha256": "7ceb5842362c2d3eee6fdfae04bc1cf87090d4f1f3ecb7dd40b3bee54d4c53ca",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:39+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:CHN",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 105146000000,
      "year": 2017
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2017, cell B78; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2017",
      "raw_sha256": "7ceb5842362c2d3eee6fdfae04bc1cf87090d4f1f3ecb7dd40b3bee54d4c53ca",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:39+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:HKG",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 79048000000,
      "year": 2017
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2018, cell B77; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2018",
      "raw_sha256": "7ceb5842362c2d3eee6fdfae04bc1cf87090d4f1f3ecb7dd40b3bee54d4c53ca",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:39+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:CHN",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 107557000000,
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2018, cell B78; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2018",
      "raw_sha256": "7ceb5842362c2d3eee6fdfae04bc1cf87090d4f1f3ecb7dd40b3bee54d4c53ca",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:39+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:HKG",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 81215000000,
      "year": 2018
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2019, cell B77; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2019",
      "raw_sha256": "7ceb5842362c2d3eee6fdfae04bc1cf87090d4f1f3ecb7dd40b3bee54d4c53ca",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:39+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:CHN",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 109348000000,
      "year": 2019
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2019, cell B78; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2019",
      "raw_sha256": "7ceb5842362c2d3eee6fdfae04bc1cf87090d4f1f3ecb7dd40b3bee54d4c53ca",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:39+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:HKG",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 97788000000,
      "year": 2019
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2020, cell B77; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2020",
      "raw_sha256": "e127b015eb2d8043560dc10c983fe303c108272e22315b6a0f1f80943ad95c9e",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:40+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:CHN",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2020-2025.xlsx",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: usdia-position-2020-2025.xlsx",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 116508000000,
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2020, cell B78; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2020",
      "raw_sha256": "e127b015eb2d8043560dc10c983fe303c108272e22315b6a0f1f80943ad95c9e",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:40+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:HKG",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2020-2025.xlsx",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: usdia-position-2020-2025.xlsx",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 94495000000,
      "year": 2020
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2021, cell B77; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2021",
      "raw_sha256": "e127b015eb2d8043560dc10c983fe303c108272e22315b6a0f1f80943ad95c9e",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:40+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:CHN",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2020-2025.xlsx",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: usdia-position-2020-2025.xlsx",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 116003000000,
      "year": 2021
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2021, cell B78; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2021",
      "raw_sha256": "e127b015eb2d8043560dc10c983fe303c108272e22315b6a0f1f80943ad95c9e",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:40+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:HKG",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2020-2025.xlsx",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: usdia-position-2020-2025.xlsx",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 92664000000,
      "year": 2021
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2022, cell B77; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2022",
      "raw_sha256": "e127b015eb2d8043560dc10c983fe303c108272e22315b6a0f1f80943ad95c9e",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:40+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:CHN",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2020-2025.xlsx",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: usdia-position-2020-2025.xlsx",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 116314000000,
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2022, cell B78; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2022",
      "raw_sha256": "e127b015eb2d8043560dc10c983fe303c108272e22315b6a0f1f80943ad95c9e",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:40+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:HKG",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2020-2025.xlsx",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: usdia-position-2020-2025.xlsx",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 94666000000,
      "year": 2022
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2023, cell B77; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2023",
      "raw_sha256": "e127b015eb2d8043560dc10c983fe303c108272e22315b6a0f1f80943ad95c9e",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:40+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:CHN",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2020-2025.xlsx",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: usdia-position-2020-2025.xlsx",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 116454000000,
      "year": 2023
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2023, cell B78; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2023",
      "raw_sha256": "e127b015eb2d8043560dc10c983fe303c108272e22315b6a0f1f80943ad95c9e",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:40+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:HKG",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2020-2025.xlsx",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: usdia-position-2020-2025.xlsx",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 91372000000,
      "year": 2023
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2024, cell B77; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2024",
      "raw_sha256": "e127b015eb2d8043560dc10c983fe303c108272e22315b6a0f1f80943ad95c9e",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:40+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:CHN",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2020-2025.xlsx",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: usdia-position-2020-2025.xlsx",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 112018000000,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2024, cell B78; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2024",
      "raw_sha256": "e127b015eb2d8043560dc10c983fe303c108272e22315b6a0f1f80943ad95c9e",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:40+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:HKG",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2020-2025.xlsx",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: usdia-position-2020-2025.xlsx",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 99795000000,
      "year": 2024
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2025, cell B77; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2025",
      "raw_sha256": "e127b015eb2d8043560dc10c983fe303c108272e22315b6a0f1f80943ad95c9e",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:40+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:CHN",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2020-2025.xlsx",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: usdia-position-2020-2025.xlsx",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 120547000000,
      "year": 2025
    },
    {
      "comparability": "bea_historical_cost_immediate_host",
      "notes": "Worksheet 2025, cell B78; source reports millions of dollars.",
      "period": "31 December 2025",
      "raw_sha256": "e127b015eb2d8043560dc10c983fe303c108272e22315b6a0f1f80943ad95c9e",
      "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:40+00:00",
      "series_id": "bea_position:HKG",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "source_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2020-2025.xlsx",
      "source_vintage": "BEA linked historical-cost position table: usdia-position-2020-2025.xlsx",
      "status": "observed",
      "value": 103737000000,
      "year": 2025
    },
    {
      "comparability": "amcham_2026:amcham:profitable",
      "notes": "Exact fieldwork dates and item-level bases are not stated in the public release.",
      "period": "2025 performance, reported in the 2026 survey",
      "series_id": "amcham:profitable",
      "source_id": "amcham_2026",
      "status": "rounded",
      "value": 78,
      "year": 2025
    },
    {
      "comparability": "amcham_2026:amcham:optimistic",
      "notes": "Exact fieldwork dates and item-level bases are not stated in the public release.",
      "period": "Outlook reported in the 2026 survey",
      "series_id": "amcham:optimistic",
      "source_id": "amcham_2026",
      "status": "rounded",
      "value": 58,
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "comparability": "amcham_2026:amcham:redirecting",
      "notes": "Exact fieldwork dates and item-level bases are not stated in the public release.",
      "period": "Investment plans reported in the 2026 survey",
      "series_id": "amcham:redirecting",
      "source_id": "amcham_2026",
      "status": "rounded",
      "value": 39,
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "comparability": "amcham_2026:amcham:increased",
      "notes": "Exact fieldwork dates and item-level bases are not stated in the public release.",
      "period": "2025 investment, reported in the 2026 survey",
      "series_id": "amcham:increased",
      "source_id": "amcham_2026",
      "status": "rounded",
      "value": 28,
      "year": 2025
    },
    {
      "comparability": "ahk_2026:ahk:significant",
      "notes": "Interim cutoff only. Survey scheduled through 7 October; full release scheduled 7 December 2026.",
      "period": "Conditional expectations; interim responses 1-29 September 2026",
      "series_id": "ahk:significant",
      "source_id": "ahk_2026",
      "status": "rounded",
      "value": 33,
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "comparability": "ahk_2026:ahk:moderate",
      "notes": "Interim cutoff only. Survey scheduled through 7 October; full release scheduled 7 December 2026.",
      "period": "Conditional expectations; interim responses 1-29 September 2026",
      "series_id": "ahk:moderate",
      "source_id": "ahk_2026",
      "status": "rounded",
      "value": 47,
      "year": 2026
    },
    {
      "comparability": "ahk_2026:ahk:none",
      "notes": "Interim cutoff only. Survey scheduled through 7 October; full release scheduled 7 December 2026.",
      "period": "Conditional expectations; interim responses 1-29 September 2026",
      "series_id": "ahk:none",
      "source_id": "ahk_2026",
      "status": "rounded",
      "value": 14,
      "year": 2026
    }
  ],
  "series": {
    "ahk:moderate": {
      "cadence": "snapshot",
      "label": "Moderate impact if EU-China trade escalates",
      "measure": "survey_share",
      "period_basis": "reported reference period",
      "scope": "German Chamber member respondents; not an EU-wide sample",
      "source_id": "ahk_2026",
      "unit": "percent"
    },
    "ahk:none": {
      "cadence": "snapshot",
      "label": "No impact if EU-China trade escalates",
      "measure": "survey_share",
      "period_basis": "reported reference period",
      "scope": "German Chamber member respondents; not an EU-wide sample",
      "source_id": "ahk_2026",
      "unit": "percent"
    },
    "ahk:significant": {
      "cadence": "snapshot",
      "label": "Significant impact if EU-China trade escalates",
      "measure": "survey_share",
      "period_basis": "reported reference period",
      "scope": "German Chamber member respondents; not an EU-wide sample",
      "source_id": "ahk_2026",
      "unit": "percent"
    },
    "amcham:increased": {
      "cadence": "snapshot",
      "label": "Increased investment in China (2025)",
      "measure": "survey_share",
      "period_basis": "reported reference period",
      "scope": "AmCham Shanghai member respondents; not a census of U.S. businesses",
      "source_id": "amcham_2026",
      "unit": "percent"
    },
    "amcham:optimistic": {
      "cadence": "snapshot",
      "label": "Optimistic about the five-year outlook",
      "measure": "survey_share",
      "period_basis": "reported reference period",
      "scope": "AmCham Shanghai member respondents; not a census of U.S. businesses",
      "source_id": "amcham_2026",
      "unit": "percent"
    },
    "amcham:profitable": {
      "cadence": "snapshot",
      "label": "Profitable China operations (2025)",
      "measure": "survey_share",
      "period_basis": "reported reference period",
      "scope": "AmCham Shanghai member respondents; not a census of U.S. businesses",
      "source_id": "amcham_2026",
      "unit": "percent"
    },
    "amcham:redirecting": {
      "cadence": "snapshot",
      "label": "Redirecting planned China investment elsewhere",
      "measure": "survey_share",
      "period_basis": "reported reference period",
      "scope": "AmCham Shanghai member respondents; not a census of U.S. businesses",
      "source_id": "amcham_2026",
      "unit": "percent"
    },
    "bea_position:CHN": {
      "cadence": "annual",
      "label": "Mainland China",
      "measure": "direct_investment_position",
      "period_basis": "year-end",
      "scope": "U.S. direct investment abroad; immediate host Mainland China",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "unit": "USD"
    },
    "bea_position:HKG": {
      "cadence": "annual",
      "label": "Hong Kong",
      "measure": "direct_investment_position",
      "period_basis": "year-end",
      "scope": "U.S. direct investment abroad; immediate host Hong Kong",
      "source_id": "bea_2025",
      "unit": "USD"
    }
  },
  "sources": {
    "ahk_2026": {
      "assets": [
        {
          "request_url": "https://china.ahk.de/en/media-centre",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-10-24T22:02:38+00:00",
          "sha256": "f37be7410fe5ea38e02608a1a966e6a92af0cac7e6c7d8a0515ee1ffa49e3469",
          "url": "https://china.ahk.de/en/media-centre"
        }
      ],
      "locator": "Pre-Result, 6 October 2026: result and methodology.",
      "name": "German Chamber of Commerce in China, 2026/27 preliminary finding",
      "notes": "Interim responses through 29 September, not the completed survey. German findings translated into English. Full release announced for 7 December 2026, still future at review.",
      "release_date": "2026-10-06"
    },
    "amcham_2026": {
      "assets": [
        {
          "request_url": "https://www.amcham-shanghai.org/en/article/amcham-shanghai-releases-2026-report-business-climate-china",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-10-24T22:04:01+00:00",
          "sha256": "2eb564a034b0a17fb5b7aa04ae873181cd84f49b01056a4fdcd30ac46079290a",
          "url": "https://www.amcham-shanghai.org/en/article/amcham-shanghai-releases-2026-report-business-climate-china"
        }
      ],
      "locator": "Public findings and methodology paragraph.",
      "name": "AmCham Shanghai / PwC China, 2026 China Business Report public release",
      "notes": "Page metadata says 9 September; the press-release dateline is 10 September. Captured through the normal unauthenticated JavaScript-rendered public website. No member-only report retrieved.",
      "release_date": "2026-09-10"
    },
    "bea_2025": {
      "assets": [
        {
          "request_url": "https://www.bea.gov/news/2026/direct-investment-country-and-industry-2025",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-10-24T21:59:28+00:00",
          "sha256": "95a5977f4b4c64943ab1214bb08bfa9f1b62d6f213cd7a55ee050127fa5be3ba",
          "url": "https://www.bea.gov/news/2026/direct-investment-country-and-industry-2025"
        },
        {
          "request_url": "https://www.bea.gov/international/di1usdbal",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:29+00:00",
          "sha256": "daa35998c834031f0617dc6aac9b8a14301e93fcbd53085dc6f692d04d5b7fb9",
          "url": "https://www.bea.gov/international/di1usdbal"
        },
        {
          "request_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:37+00:00",
          "sha256": "d5eb15f58cb83003a13dce4d7d958069a7c27b2bae1aa3c8393ff0f961638ab8",
          "url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/Position%20Abroad%202000-2009.xls"
        },
        {
          "request_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:39+00:00",
          "sha256": "7ceb5842362c2d3eee6fdfae04bc1cf87090d4f1f3ecb7dd40b3bee54d4c53ca",
          "url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2010-2019.xlsx"
        },
        {
          "request_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2020-2025.xlsx",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-10-25T00:22:40+00:00",
          "sha256": "e127b015eb2d8043560dc10c983fe303c108272e22315b6a0f1f80943ad95c9e",
          "url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-position-2020-2025.xlsx"
        },
        {
          "request_url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-positionbyaccountforselectedcountries-2020-2025.xlsx",
          "retrieved_at": "2026-10-24T21:59:31+00:00",
          "sha256": "aae50c66cb82d253ad633e8cc29012fe7eba37c02573f19698a5fbb61410d5cc",
          "url": "https://apps.bea.gov/international/xls/usdia-current/usdia-positionbyaccountforselectedcountries-2020-2025.xlsx"
        }
      ],
      "locator": "Annual worksheets 2000-2025; China and Hong Kong rows, All industries column B. Recent totals independently matched to the selected-country Total column.",
      "name": "U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, Direct Investment by Country and Industry, 2025",
      "notes": "Historical blocks use BEA's currently linked 2000-2009, 2010-2019 and 2020-2025 workbooks, with the exact asset and locator on each observation. The July 2026 release date describes the latest block, not a claim that every historical year was revised then. Source millions converted to nominal USD. Not affiliate counts or annual flows; no 2026 year-end value inferred.",
      "release_date": "2026-07-21"
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    "ahk_2026": {
      "field_end": "2026-09-29",
      "field_start": "2026-09-01",
      "fieldwork_note": "Interim cutoff only. Survey scheduled through 7 October; full release scheduled 7 December 2026.",
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    },
    "amcham_2026": {
      "field_end": null,
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      "fieldwork_note": "Exact fieldwork dates and item-level bases are not stated in the public release.",
      "item_n": null,
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    }
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}